2D blog

NEILD JOSEPH

Essential knowledge 2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to

populations, communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.

1.Provide examples of how biotic and abiotic factors affect organism behavior,

community interactions, and ecosystem structure. Utilize the following examples

in your responses:

Biotic factors affect food chains and food webs because if one species becomes instinct it can lead to another institution of another because that was their food and source of energy this will disrupt the community interaction. Water availability is an abiotic factor that affects the ecosystem structure because the desert has very little water availability so the consequence is that is become dry and almost lifeless other than a place with tons of water, which has many different species.

○ Water availability

○ Sunlight

○ Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)

○ Predator–prey relationships

○ Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, pH

○ Availability of nesting materials and sites

○ Food chains and food webs

○ Species diversity

○ Population density

○ Algal blooms

Essential knowledge 2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common

ancestry and divergence due to adaptation in different environments.

1.     How do homeostatic mechanisms relate to evolution? Homeostatic mechanisms relate to evolution by the adaptation of a specific environment for example when you are hot u begins to shiver your body is finding a way to adapt to the temperature. As in evolution the more the world changes the more we began to adapt to the changes

2. How is the concept of common ancestry supposed by continuity in homeostatic

mechanisms.  Changes may occur in response to different environmental changes.

3. How do changes in environmental conditions affect this continuity. They impact the continuity because if the environment changes, a specific homeostatic mechanism may no longer be needed and may become inactive after a prolonged amount of time.

4. Explain how the following mechanisms are used for obtaining nutrients and eliminating wastes.  The following mechanisms are used for obtaining nutrients and eliminating wastes because they all take something in and takes everything it need and what is doesn’t it eliminates it by exchanging it over again or just pooping it out.

○ Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants

○ Digestive mechanisms in animals such as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems

○ Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals

○ Nitrogenous waste production and elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals

5. Explain how homeostatic control systems in species of microbes, plants an animals support common ancestry. Use the following to help illustrate your explanation: Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms and vertebrates support common ancestry by many other organisms previous to the current modern organism have evolved into this specific form to maintain fitness and survive.

○ Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms and vertebrates

○ Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish and protists

○ Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants

○ Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians and mammals

○ Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange)

Essential knowledge 2.D.3: Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their dynamic homeostasis.

1. How do disruptions at the molecular and cellular levels affect the health of the organism? Use the following to explain your answer: Dehydration affects the health of the organism by primarily showing minor symptoms of sickness, such as headaches, dry mouth, and lack of tears then progressing to more major consequences such as loss of coordination, blurred vision, and loss of consciousness, and the most severe consequence is death.

○ Physiological responses to toxic substances

○ Dehydration

○ Immunological responses to pathogens, toxins and allergens

2. Provide examples of how disruptions to ecosystems can affect the dynamics of the  ecosystem. Utilize the following examples in your responses: Human impact can affect the dynamic of the ecosystem by destroys home to build ours which result in the free roaming of wild animals with out shelter.

● Invasive and/or eruptive species

● Human impact

● Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, fires

● Water limitation

● Salination

Essential knowledge 2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical

defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis.

1. Explain how plants, invertebrates and vertebrates have multiple, nonspecific (innate) immune responses. Include how they work and structures/chemicals involved. Plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates’ nonspecific responses include macrophages that are used to flag pathogens/antibodies.

2. Describe mammalian specific immune responses.

• Describe the two types of specific responses in the Mammalian

immune system In the cell mediated response, cytotoxic t cells, a lymphocytic white blood cell, targets intracellular  pathogens when antigens are displayed on the outside of the cell humoral response is b cells a type of white blood cell produce antibodies against specific antigens.

• In the cell-mediated response, what is the role of cytotoxic T cells? a lymphocytic blood cell that target intracellular pathogens when antigens are displayed on the outside of the cell.

• In the humoral response, what is the role of B cells? to produce antibodies against specific antigens

3. Explain how antigens and antibodies work together.

• What is an antibody? a product of the b cell that’s created to replicate the similar antigen which your body becomes immune to it so it can harm you as much anymore

• How does a second exposure to an antigen differ from the primary exposure? the second exposure is different because the b cells have already created antibodies to stop it the se