NEILD JOSEPH
Essential
knowledge 2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to
populations,
communities and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic
interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.
1.Provide examples of how biotic and abiotic factors affect
organism behavior,
community interactions, and ecosystem structure. Utilize the
following examples
in your responses:
Biotic factors affect food chains and food webs because if
one species becomes instinct it can lead to another institution of another
because that was their food and source of energy this will disrupt the
community interaction. Water availability is an abiotic factor that affects the
ecosystem structure because the desert has very little water availability so
the consequence is that is become dry and almost lifeless other than a place
with tons of water, which has many different species.
○ Water availability
○ Sunlight
○ Symbiosis (mutualism,
commensalism, parasitism)
○ Predator–prey relationships
○ Water and nutrient availability,
temperature, salinity, pH
○ Availability of nesting materials
and sites
○ Food chains and food webs
○ Species diversity
○ Population density
○ Algal blooms
Essential
knowledge 2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common
ancestry and
divergence due to adaptation in different environments.
1.
How do homeostatic mechanisms relate to
evolution? Homeostatic mechanisms relate to evolution by the adaptation of a specific
environment for example when you are hot u begins to shiver your body is
finding a way to adapt to the temperature. As in evolution the more the world
changes the more we began to adapt to the changes
2. How is the concept of common ancestry supposed by
continuity in homeostatic
mechanisms. Changes may occur in
response to different environmental changes.
3. How do changes in environmental conditions affect this
continuity. They impact the continuity because if the environment changes, a specific
homeostatic mechanism may no longer be needed and may become inactive after a
prolonged amount of time.
4. Explain how the following mechanisms are
used for obtaining nutrients and eliminating wastes. The following mechanisms are used for
obtaining nutrients and eliminating wastes because they all take something in
and takes everything it need and what is doesn’t it eliminates it by exchanging
it over again or just pooping it out.
○ Gas exchange in aquatic and
terrestrial plants
○ Digestive
mechanisms in animals such as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way
digestive systems
○ Respiratory systems of aquatic
and terrestrial animals
○ Nitrogenous waste production and
elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals
5. Explain how homeostatic control systems in species of
microbes, plants an animals support common ancestry. Use the following to help
illustrate your explanation: Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms and vertebrates
support common ancestry by many other organisms previous to the current modern
organism have evolved into this specific form to maintain fitness and survive.
○ Excretory systems in flatworms,
earthworms and vertebrates
○ Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish
and protists
○ Osmoregulation in aquatic and
terrestrial plants
○ Circulatory systems in fish,
amphibians and mammals
○ Thermoregulation in aquatic and
terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange)
Essential
knowledge 2.D.3: Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their dynamic
homeostasis.
1. How do disruptions at the molecular and cellular levels
affect the health of the organism? Use the following to explain your answer: Dehydration
affects the health of the organism by primarily showing minor symptoms of
sickness, such as headaches, dry mouth, and lack of tears then progressing to
more major consequences such as loss of coordination, blurred vision, and loss
of consciousness, and the most severe consequence is death.
○ Physiological responses to toxic
substances
○ Dehydration
○ Immunological responses to
pathogens, toxins and allergens
2. Provide examples of how disruptions to ecosystems can
affect the dynamics of the ecosystem.
Utilize the following examples in your responses: Human impact can affect the dynamic
of the ecosystem by destroys home to build ours which result in the free
roaming of wild animals with out shelter.
●
Invasive and/or eruptive species
●
Human impact
●
Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, fires
●
Water limitation
●
Salination
Essential
knowledge 2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical
defenses against
infections that affect dynamic homeostasis.
1. Explain how plants, invertebrates and vertebrates have
multiple, nonspecific (innate) immune responses. Include how they work and
structures/chemicals involved. Plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates’ nonspecific
responses include macrophages that are used to flag pathogens/antibodies.
2. Describe mammalian specific immune responses.
• Describe the two types of specific responses in the
Mammalian
immune system In the cell mediated response, cytotoxic t cells, a
lymphocytic white blood cell, targets intracellular pathogens when antigens are displayed on the
outside of the cell humoral response is b cells a type of white blood cell
produce antibodies against specific antigens.
• In the cell-mediated response,
what is the role of cytotoxic T cells? a lymphocytic blood cell that target intracellular
pathogens when antigens are displayed on the outside of the cell.
• In the humoral response, what is
the role of B cells? to produce antibodies against specific antigens
3. Explain how antigens and antibodies work together.
• What is an antibody? a product of
the b cell that’s created to replicate the similar antigen which your body
becomes immune to it so it can harm you as much anymore
• How does a second exposure to an antigen
differ from the primary exposure? the second exposure is different because the b
cells have already created antibodies to stop it the se
